AMOEBOZOA
Amoebozoa
Cells capable to amoeboid locomotion with steady flow of the cytoplasm or occasional eruptions in some groups or amoeboid locomotion involving the extension and retraction of pseudopodia or subpseudopodia with little coordinated movement of the cytoplasm. Cells naked, often with well[1] differentiated glycocalyx. In several groups cells are covered with a tectum or a cuticle. Some groups are testate, i.e. enclosed in a flexible or hard extracellular envelope with one to several pores. Mitochondrial cristae tubular (ramicristate), with few exceptions; mitochondria secondarily reduced to mitochondrion-related organelles (MRO) in archamoebians. Most only reported to be asexual, but sex and life cycles consistent with sex have been reported in Tubulinea, Evosea and Discosea. Many taxa exhibit either sporocarpic or sorocarpic sporulation. Biciliated, uniciliated or multiciliated stages in the life cycle of some taxa; some taxa exhibit reduction of the bikont kinetid to a unikont kinetid.
References
Adl S. M., Simpson A. G., Lane C. E. et al. The revised classification of eukaryotes. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2012. V. 59. P. 429–493.
Adl S. M., Bass D., Lane C. E., et al. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2018. V. 66(1). P. 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691
Bütschli O. Vorlesungen über vergleichende Anatomie, Volumes 5-6. Berlin, Engelmann, 1910. 401 p.
Cavalier-Smith T. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews. 1998;73(3):203–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
Cavalier-Smith T. Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. European Journal of Protistology. 2013;49(2):115–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001
Cavalier-Smith T. Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. European Journal of Protistology. 2013. V. 49(2): 115-178.
Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews.1993;57(4):953 – 994. https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.57.4.953-994.1993
Cavalier-Smith T. Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2009. V. 56: 26–33.
Cavalier-Smith T. The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Evolutionary biology of Fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987:339–353.
Cavalier-Smith T., Chao E.E., Oates B. Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium. Eur. J. Protistol. 2004. V. 40. P. 21–48.
Corliss J.O. The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla. BioSystems. 1984;17(2):87–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0
De Bary A. Die Mycetozoen. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der niedersten Thiere. Z. Wiss. Zool. 1859. V. 10. P. 88–175.
Grant R. E. Animal kingdom. In: R. B. Todd (ed.). The cyclopaedia of anatomy and physiology. V. 1. London, 1836: pp. 107–118.
Grell K. Ultrastruktur mariner Amöben. II. Stereomyxa ramosa. Arch. Protistenk. 1971. V. 113. P. 51–67.
Hawksworth D.L., Sutton B.C., Ainsworth G.C. Dictyonary of the Fungi. Kew, Surrey, 1983. 443 p.
Hehenberger E., Tikhonenkov D.V., Kolisko M. et al. Novel predators reshape Holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two-component signaling system in the ancestor of animals. Current Biology. 2017. 27(13): 2043-2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006
Hibberd D.J. Ultrastructure of the colonial colourless flagellate Phalansterium digitatum Stein (Phalansteriida ord. nov.) and Spongomonas uvella Stein (Spongomonadida ord. nov.). Protistologica. 1983. 19, 523–535.
Kent W. S. A manual of the Infusoria. L., Bogue, 1880–1882. 230 pl.
Lepşi J. Euamoebida. Fauna Republicii Populare Romîne. Bukharest, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, 1960.
Link J.H.E. Myxomycetes. Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewäsche 3. Ordo Fungi. Subordo 6. Myxomycetes. Berlin, 1833. Bd 3. P. 405–433.
Liu Y., Steenkamp E. T., Brinkmann H., et al. Phylogenomic analyses predict sistergroup relationship of nucleariids and fungi and paraphyly of zygomycetes with significant support. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009;9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-272
Martin G.W. Taxonomic notes on Myxomycetes, III. Brittonia. 1961. V. 13. P. 109–113.
Möbius M. Bearbeitung der von H. Schenck in Brasilien Gesammelten Algen. Hedwigia. 1889. V. 28. P. 309–358.
Olive L.S. The Mycetozoa. A revised classification. Bot. Rev. 1070. V. 36(1): 59–89.
Rostafinski J. Sluzowce (Mycetozoa). Monografia. Paris, 1875. 432 p.
Sheikh S., Thulin M., Cavender J.C. et al. A new classification of the dictyostelids. Protist. 2018. 169(1): 1-28. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001
Smirnov A.V., Chao E., Nassonova E.S. et al. A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa, Lobosa)
Smirnov A.V., Nassonova E.S., Berney C., Fahrni J., Bolivar I.,Pawlowski J. Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae. Protist. 2005. V. 156: 129–142.
Cells capable to amoeboid locomotion with steady flow of the cytoplasm or occasional eruptions in some groups or amoeboid locomotion involving the extension and retraction of pseudopodia or subpseudopodia with little coordinated movement of the cytoplasm. Cells naked, often with well[1] differentiated glycocalyx. In several groups cells are covered with a tectum or a cuticle. Some groups are testate, i.e. enclosed in a flexible or hard extracellular envelope with one to several pores. Mitochondrial cristae tubular (ramicristate), with few exceptions; mitochondria secondarily reduced to mitochondrion-related organelles (MRO) in archamoebians. Most only reported to be asexual, but sex and life cycles consistent with sex have been reported in Tubulinea, Evosea and Discosea. Many taxa exhibit either sporocarpic or sorocarpic sporulation. Biciliated, uniciliated or multiciliated stages in the life cycle of some taxa; some taxa exhibit reduction of the bikont kinetid to a unikont kinetid.
References
Adl S. M., Simpson A. G., Lane C. E. et al. The revised classification of eukaryotes. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2012. V. 59. P. 429–493.
Adl S. M., Bass D., Lane C. E., et al. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2018. V. 66(1). P. 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691
Bütschli O. Vorlesungen über vergleichende Anatomie, Volumes 5-6. Berlin, Engelmann, 1910. 401 p.
Cavalier-Smith T. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews. 1998;73(3):203–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
Cavalier-Smith T. Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. European Journal of Protistology. 2013;49(2):115–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001
Cavalier-Smith T. Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa. European Journal of Protistology. 2013. V. 49(2): 115-178.
Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews.1993;57(4):953 – 994. https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.57.4.953-994.1993
Cavalier-Smith T. Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2009. V. 56: 26–33.
Cavalier-Smith T. The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Evolutionary biology of Fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987:339–353.
Cavalier-Smith T., Chao E.E., Oates B. Molecular phylogeny of Amoebozoa and evolutionary significance of the unikont Phalansterium. Eur. J. Protistol. 2004. V. 40. P. 21–48.
Corliss J.O. The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla. BioSystems. 1984;17(2):87–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0
De Bary A. Die Mycetozoen. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der niedersten Thiere. Z. Wiss. Zool. 1859. V. 10. P. 88–175.
Grant R. E. Animal kingdom. In: R. B. Todd (ed.). The cyclopaedia of anatomy and physiology. V. 1. London, 1836: pp. 107–118.
Grell K. Ultrastruktur mariner Amöben. II. Stereomyxa ramosa. Arch. Protistenk. 1971. V. 113. P. 51–67.
Hawksworth D.L., Sutton B.C., Ainsworth G.C. Dictyonary of the Fungi. Kew, Surrey, 1983. 443 p.
Hehenberger E., Tikhonenkov D.V., Kolisko M. et al. Novel predators reshape Holozoan phylogeny and reveal the presence of a two-component signaling system in the ancestor of animals. Current Biology. 2017. 27(13): 2043-2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006
Hibberd D.J. Ultrastructure of the colonial colourless flagellate Phalansterium digitatum Stein (Phalansteriida ord. nov.) and Spongomonas uvella Stein (Spongomonadida ord. nov.). Protistologica. 1983. 19, 523–535.
Kent W. S. A manual of the Infusoria. L., Bogue, 1880–1882. 230 pl.
Lepşi J. Euamoebida. Fauna Republicii Populare Romîne. Bukharest, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, 1960.
Link J.H.E. Myxomycetes. Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewäsche 3. Ordo Fungi. Subordo 6. Myxomycetes. Berlin, 1833. Bd 3. P. 405–433.
Liu Y., Steenkamp E. T., Brinkmann H., et al. Phylogenomic analyses predict sistergroup relationship of nucleariids and fungi and paraphyly of zygomycetes with significant support. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009;9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-272
Martin G.W. Taxonomic notes on Myxomycetes, III. Brittonia. 1961. V. 13. P. 109–113.
Möbius M. Bearbeitung der von H. Schenck in Brasilien Gesammelten Algen. Hedwigia. 1889. V. 28. P. 309–358.
Olive L.S. The Mycetozoa. A revised classification. Bot. Rev. 1070. V. 36(1): 59–89.
Rostafinski J. Sluzowce (Mycetozoa). Monografia. Paris, 1875. 432 p.
Sheikh S., Thulin M., Cavender J.C. et al. A new classification of the dictyostelids. Protist. 2018. 169(1): 1-28. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001
Smirnov A.V., Chao E., Nassonova E.S. et al. A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa, Lobosa)
Smirnov A.V., Nassonova E.S., Berney C., Fahrni J., Bolivar I.,Pawlowski J. Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae. Protist. 2005. V. 156: 129–142.
• Amorphea [Adl et al., 2012]
•• Amoebozoa [Corliss, 1984; Adl et al., 2012]
••• Lobosa [Cavalier-Smith, 2009]
•••• Tubulinea [Smirnov et al., 2005].
••••• Euamoebida [Lepsi, 1960]
•••••Arcellinida [Kent, 1880]
••••• Leptomyxida [Page, 1987]
••••• Nolandida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
••••• Echinamoebida [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
•••• Discosea [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
••••• Flabellinia [Smirnov et al., 2005]
•••••• Dactylopodida [Smirnov et al., 2005]
•••••• Vannellida [Smirnov et al., 2005]
•••••• Himatismenida [Page, 1987]
•••••• Stygamoebida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
•••••• Pellitida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
•••••• Trichosida [Möbius, 1889]
••••• Longamoebia [Smirnov et al., 2011]
•••••• Dermamoebida [Cavalier-Smith, 2004]
•••••• Thecamoebida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
••• Conosa [Cavalier-Smith, 1998]
•••• Variosea [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
••••• Varipodida [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
••••• Phalansteriida [Hibberd, 1983]
••••• Holomastigida [Cavalier-Smith, 1998]
•••• Archamoebae [Cavalier-Smith, 1998]
••••• Mastigamoebida [Cavalier-Smith, 2013]
••••• Pelobiontida [Cavalier-Smith, 2013]
•••• Mycetozoa [de Bary, 1859 ex Rostafinski, 1873]
••••• Dictyostelea [Hawksworth et al., 1983]
•••••• Acytosteliales [Sheikh et al., 2018]
•••••• Dictyosteliales [Olive, 1970]
••••• Ceratiomyxomycetes [Hawksworth et al., 1983]
•••••• Protosporangiida [Adl et al., 2012]
•••••• Ceratiomyxida [Martin, 1961]
••••• Myxomycetes [Link, 1833]
•••••• Lucisporidia [Cavalier-Smith, 2013] [Trichiales, Liceales etc.]
•••••• Columelliidia [Ruggiero et al., 2015] [Echinosteliales, Physarales, Stemonitales etc.]
Rank correlation:
• ~Subdomain
•• ~ Kingdom
••• ~ Subkingdom
•••• ~ Infrakingdom
••••• ~ Superphylum
•••••• ~ Phylum
•• Amoebozoa [Corliss, 1984; Adl et al., 2012]
••• Lobosa [Cavalier-Smith, 2009]
•••• Tubulinea [Smirnov et al., 2005].
••••• Euamoebida [Lepsi, 1960]
•••••Arcellinida [Kent, 1880]
••••• Leptomyxida [Page, 1987]
••••• Nolandida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
••••• Echinamoebida [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
•••• Discosea [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
••••• Flabellinia [Smirnov et al., 2005]
•••••• Dactylopodida [Smirnov et al., 2005]
•••••• Vannellida [Smirnov et al., 2005]
•••••• Himatismenida [Page, 1987]
•••••• Stygamoebida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
•••••• Pellitida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
•••••• Trichosida [Möbius, 1889]
••••• Longamoebia [Smirnov et al., 2011]
•••••• Dermamoebida [Cavalier-Smith, 2004]
•••••• Thecamoebida [Smirnov et al., 2011]
••• Conosa [Cavalier-Smith, 1998]
•••• Variosea [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
••••• Varipodida [Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004]
••••• Phalansteriida [Hibberd, 1983]
••••• Holomastigida [Cavalier-Smith, 1998]
•••• Archamoebae [Cavalier-Smith, 1998]
••••• Mastigamoebida [Cavalier-Smith, 2013]
••••• Pelobiontida [Cavalier-Smith, 2013]
•••• Mycetozoa [de Bary, 1859 ex Rostafinski, 1873]
••••• Dictyostelea [Hawksworth et al., 1983]
•••••• Acytosteliales [Sheikh et al., 2018]
•••••• Dictyosteliales [Olive, 1970]
••••• Ceratiomyxomycetes [Hawksworth et al., 1983]
•••••• Protosporangiida [Adl et al., 2012]
•••••• Ceratiomyxida [Martin, 1961]
••••• Myxomycetes [Link, 1833]
•••••• Lucisporidia [Cavalier-Smith, 2013] [Trichiales, Liceales etc.]
•••••• Columelliidia [Ruggiero et al., 2015] [Echinosteliales, Physarales, Stemonitales etc.]
Rank correlation:
• ~Subdomain
•• ~ Kingdom
••• ~ Subkingdom
•••• ~ Infrakingdom
••••• ~ Superphylum
•••••• ~ Phylum
