ALVEOLATA
Alveolata
Cortical alveolae, sometimes secondarily lost; with ciliary pit or micropore; mitochondrial cristae tubular or ampulliform.
A characteristic feature of many alveolate groups is cell covers in the form of a pellicle with cortical alveoli and subpellicular microtubules, or with large cisterns surrounded by a membrane. Single-cell, rarely colonial, mononucleate or multinucleate organisms, bearing, at least at a certain stage of the life cycle, two flagella or many cilia. The nucleus of representatives of dinoflagellates is poor in histones, in ciliates the nuclear dualism is observed. Mitochondria with tubular (very rarely flate or ampulliform) cristae, in anaerobic ciliates, can be replaced by hydrogenosomes. Aquatic organisms that inhabit the Ocean and fresh waters; a number of groups have adapted to the development of arthropods and warm-blooded animals in the internal environment. Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates take part in the creation of reef biogerms.

References
Adl S.M., Simpson A.G., Lane C.E. et al. The revised classification of eukaryotes // Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2012. Vol. 59, no. 5. P. 429–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550- 7408.2012.00644.x

Bütschli O. Protozoa. Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen. V. 1–3, Winter, Leipzig, 1880–1889. P. 1–2035.

Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiol. Rev. 1993. V. 57. P. 953–994.

Cavalier-Smith T.; Chao E.E. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. Nov.). Eur. J. Protistol. 2004. V. 40 (3). P. 185–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2004.01.002

Chatton E., Villeneuve F. La sexualité et le cycle évolutif des Siedleckia d’après l’étude de S. caulleryi, n. sp. Hologrégarines et Blastogrégarines. Sporozoaires hologamétogènes et blastogamétogènes. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences. 1936. V. 203. P. 505–508.

Dufour M. L. Note sur la Gregarine, nouveau genre de ver qui vite en troupeau dans les intestins de divers insectes. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 1828. V. 14. P. 366–368.

Gerasimova Z. P.; Seravin L. N. Ectoplasmic fibrillar system of Infusoria and its role for the understanding of their phylogeny". Zoologicheskiy zhurnal. 1976. V. 55. P. 645–656.

Leuckart R. Die Parasiten des Menschen und die von ihnen herrührenden Krankheiten. Leipzig, 1879.

Levine N. D. Taxonomy of the Sporozoa. J. Parasitol. 1970. Supplement: Proc. Second International Congress of Parasitology. V. 56. P. 208–209.

Levine N.D. Textbook of Veterinary Parasitology. Minneapolis, Burgess Publishing Company,1978.

Loeblich A.R. Dinoflagellate evolution: speculation and evidence. Journal of Protozoology. 1976. V. 23. P. 13–28.

Lynn D. Subphylum Intramacronucleata: class Litostomatea. Simple ciliates but highly derived. In: The ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, classification, and guide to the Literature. Springer, 2008.

Mehlhorn H., Peters W., Haberkorn A. The formation of kinetes and oocysts in Plasmodium gallinaceum and considerations on phylogenetic relationships between Haemosporidia, Piroplasmida, and other Coccidia. Protistologica. 1980. V. 16. 135–154.

Moore R.B., Oborník M., Janouskovec J. et al. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature. 2008. V. 451 (7181). P. 959–963. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06635

Mylnikova Z.M., Mylnikov A.P. The morphology of predatory flagellate Colpodella pseudoedax Mylnikov et Mylnikov, 2007 (Colpodellida, Alveolata). Inland Water Biol. 2009. V. 2. P. 199–204.

Norén F., Moestrup Ø., Rehnstam-Holm A.-S. Parvilucifera infectans norén et moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. European Journal of Protistology. 1999. V. 35 (3). P. 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80001-7

Perty M. Zur Kenntniss kleinster Lebensformen: nach Bau, Funktionen, Systematik, mit Specialverzeichniss der in der Schweiz beobachteten. Bern, 1852.

Tikhonenkov D.V., Janouškovec J., Mylnikov A.P. et al. Description of Colponema vietnamica sp.n. and Acavomonas peruviana n. gen. n. sp., two new alveolate phyla (Colponemidia nom. nov. and Acavomonidia nom. nov.) and their contributions to reconstructing the ancestral state of Alveolates and Eukaryotes. PLoS ONE. 2014. V. 9 (4). P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095467
• DIAPHORETICKES [Adl et al., 2012]
Unranked clade SAR [Stramenopila-Alveolata-Rhizaria + Telonemia]
•• Alveolata [Adl et al., 2012]
••• Acavomonidia [Tikhonenkov et al., 2014]
••• Colponemidia [Tikhonenkov et al., 2014]
••• Myzozoa [Cavalier-Smith, Chao, 2004]
•••• Apicomplexa [Levine, 1970]
•••••Aconoidasida [Mehlhorn et al., 1980]
••••• Coccidia [Leuckart, 1879]
••••• Gregarinasina [Dufour, 1828]
••••• Blastogregarinea [Chatton, Villeneuve, 1936]
•••• Perkinsozoa [Noren et al., 1999]
••••• Perkinsida [Levine, 1978]
••••• Phagodiniida [Cavalier-Smith, 1993]
••••• Rastromonadida [Cavalier-Smith, Chao, 2004]
•••• Dinoflagellata [Bütschli, 1885]
••••• Dinophyceae [Christensen, 1978]
••••• Gymnodiniophyceae ined.
••••• Syndiniophyceae [Loeblich, 1976]
•••• Alphamonada ined.
•••• Colpodellida [Cavalier-Smith, 1993; Mylnikova, Mylnikov, 2009]
•••• Chromerida s.s. [Moore et al., 2008]
••• Сiliata [Perty, 1852]
•••• Postciliodesmatophora [Gerasimova, Seravin, 1976]
•••• Intramacronucleata [Lynn, 2008]

Rank correlation:
• ~Subdomain
•• ~ Kingdom
••• ~ Superphylum
••••~ Phylum
•••••~ Class